Desert People Without Water

I recently visited the ruins at Honanki and Palatki.  These are prehistoric settlements built into the red rock cliffs near Sedona, AZ.  Today, the people who built these dwellings are called "Sinagua", which comes from Spanish for "without water".  But everyone needs water, right?  I wondered where these people got drinking water.

I looked for springs around Honanki and Palatki and didn't find any.  That's weird!

Zoom in to see locations of Honanki (H) and Palatki (P) in relation to USGS-mapped springs (blue) and NAU-mapped springs (green).

Although springs have dried up in recent times, the USGS spring data was mapped in the late 1800s / early 1900s when many more springs were flowing.  It looks like the geology of the Sedona Red Rock cliffs just don't produce springs.  So even if the location of springs was different 800 years ago, it would be surprising if there were springs in the cliffs where these people lived.

The closest mapped spring (blue dot = unconfirmed water source) is 1.5 and 2.7 miles away, respectively, but there is no evidence of water in the aerial imagery.  The next closest (green dot = confirmed water source) is 4.7 and 3 miles away, respectively.   Neither Palatki nor Honanki is even built in one of the larger drainages that might flow more often/longer; the drainages that feed their valleys are quite short.  

I don't think these settlements had access to aboveground water throughout the year unless they dug wells or used cisterns to store water.

These and other prehistoric communities in the desert Southwest often built cliff dwellings high above canyon floors, far from surface water sources.  Archaeologists believe these people collected runoff during rainstorms using check dams and seeps, and stored water in cisterns or ceramic containers for later use.

Across the prehistoric Southwest, populations used ingenious methods to exploit scarce water:

• Rock overhangs and cisterns captured and stored rainwater.
• Seasonal mobility allowed families to occupy dry sites part of the year.
• Terraced fields, check dams, and soil-retention walls conserved moisture for crops.
• Small permanent settlements clustered near ephemeral water sources, such as seeps and seasonal pools.

In conclusion, while many large settlements in the prehistoric Southwest were built near springs or rivers, groups like the Anasazi, Sinagua, and others developed highly effective ways to survive in water-scarce environments through dry-land agriculture, runoff collection, and strategic mobility.

Atmospheric Streams Subsidize Valley Forests

I invented a new term to describe small-scale flows of water in the atmosphere.  Just as atmospheric rivers are large flows that transport tropical moisture thousands of miles to the mid-Latitudes, atmospheric streams share the moisture of the mountains with the valleys.

Example of an atmospheric river: Hurricane Priscilla projected track from October 7, 2025.  The remains of this storm brought copious moisture to the desert Southwest.

I first starting thinking about this when I noticed that the new weather station in the Watson Woods Riparian Preserve was often colder in the mornings than weather stations on the surrounding hills.  

Note the 40 degree temperature swing from cool (30's!) temperatures at night, to warm (80's) temperature during the day.

This is caused by katabatic winds from the mountains:

"On clear nights with calm winds, the ground cools rapidly. Air in contact with the colder ground cools by conducting heat to the ground. When this cooling process occurs along mountain slopes, the cooling air becomes colder and denser than the air away from the slopes, which causes the cold air to sink downslope. The dense cold air flows downslope in streams (called katabatic winds) following the steepest slopes. When the cold air flows into a relatively flat area (a mountain or river valley, for example), the streams of cold air slow down. This causes the valley to fill with cold air, much like streams filling a lake. "(MountWashington.org)

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, a good example of cold air drainage.

Atmospheric streams are distinct from the riparian drainages they follow, because air flows differently than water:

"Air flows in much larger volumes relative to the topographic surface. Water, even in hillside gullies, flows in volumes that are small relative to the scale of the landscape, and hence topography is the major control on the flow. Air masses are generally much larger relative to the landscape. This can lead to rather different effects. When a shallow cold air flow is moving slowly or is strongly stratified, it can become trapped by topographic barriers that would not trap water. Conversely, when the cold air flow is rapid or has lower stratification, it can flow over barriers, rather than go around them and so minimize friction.” (Research Meteorology)

Cold air flows are an important part of riparian ecology.  A study at the Coweeta Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site found that cold air drainage subsidizes valley ecosystem productivity.  The study observed lower temperature air from the mountains cooling riparian forests, which lowered their carbon loss due to plant respiration.  The cool air must be a welcome respite for plants during the heat of summer.

Image from Coweeta LTER site in the South Carolina Appalachian mountains.

Cool mountain air can also be moister than valley air, especially in arid regions like Arizona.  Riparian streams carry water from mountains to valleys, while invisible atmospheric streams carry water in the form of humidity.  The extra boost in humidity only becomes visible (as fog) when the temperature drops below the dew point. The studies I looked at did not measure humidity, but it makes sense that higher elevation forests would have moister air than the hotter valleys.  When they share their air, they share their water.

Atmospheric streams are an important, but often overlooked, part of the global water cycle that carries moisture from the land to the ocean.  The recycling and transport of water from one part of the land to another part is sometimes called the "small water cycle".  We still have much to learn about the way our planet works!

El autobus magico: viaja por el agua