An old, oft-repeated truism: The size of the finest detail that can be resolved is proportional to L/NA, where L is the wavelength of the light and NA is the numerical aperature (related inversely to f number (f/#)).BUT: Confocal, I5M, and the new 4Pi can go far beyond this. 4Pi resolves detail below 100nm using a system of genius parallel high NA (~1.4) optics and deconvolution.
CF.
superlens
left-handed material, metamaterial
negative refractive index
"evanescent" waves
optical diffraction limit
deconvolution
Schlieren, shadowgraph and interferometric techniques have been used for many years to study the distribution of density gradients within a transparent medium.
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